Wednesday, May 4, 2022

Wednesday's Words of Quality, Lesson #12: Daily Management

 Wednesday's Words of Quality, 

Lesson #12: Daily Management  

Richard Zarbo, MD  © 2022 Wednesday’s Words of Quality


Lesson #12 of 13



The managerial discipline of Daily Management (DM) has become a major subsystem supporting our business effectiveness by promoting visual workflow management, local accountability and daily problem solving within work units. DM now provides structure for all local area leaders to facilitate numerous, small team-based continuous improvements through daily tactical monitoring of a balanced set of critical metrics focused on internal and external customers.  In effect, DM defines leader standard work and changes the paradigm for managing.  DM is not a mere checklist for managers but rather the business system by which managers with their team members connect the local processes under their control to the higher-level business strategic objectives by monitoring and targeting failing processes for improvement within a 24-hour measurement cycle. 

 

We learned our approach to Daily Management (DM) from the business systems of Toyota and Danaher Corporations and customized our daily managed metrics under the acronym QTIPS- Quality, Time, Inventory, Productivity and Safety. In this lesson, we present our standardized approach to DM and share examples of successful local problem solving within and across laboratory units at the level of the work and extending beyond the laboratory’s walls to clinical suppliers and customers. (1)

 

The simplest definition of DM was offered by Liker as “the process of checking actual versus target results and engaging the team in creative problem solving.”  But his reflection that “The goal is as much to develop people as to get the results.” is key in understanding how DM reinforces the cultural expectation of continuous improvement at the ground level of any organization. (2)  The concept and practice of DM may, therefore, be viewed differently based on maturity levels of Lean adoption so we will frame this discussion along several lines as DM is a management subsystem for leaders, managers and the workforce to promote engagement and continuous improvements aligned with corporate goals.

 

DM Methodology and Elements

 

Board Layout for Problem Solving- Rows

 

The layout for each measure is standardized into five rows that promoted visual data display for ready assessment, trending, root cause analysis, corrective and preventive actions as illustrated below.




Row 1 is the display of a calendar month superimposed on one of the QTIPS letters with a circle for each day to be marked as a green day (i.e, passed performance) or red day (i.e. failed performance) based on the previous 24 hour performance. No yellow is used. If the laboratory did not operate on a specific day, the circle is colored black. This sheet is unmarked at the beginning of the month and is progressively filled out over the month with daily performance (red, green or black). Additionally, the Row 1 sheet also lists information defining the metric and the standard, the owner of that metric and the time of Gemba review. 

 

Row 2 is the actual the performance of the metric during the previous 24-hour period. This is commonly either a LIS-generated report or a manually plotted form that provides information reflecting the performance deviation from standard. 

 

Row 3 is a graph of the measure’s performance trended over an extended period of time (weeks to the calendar year). This trend is based on information captured from Row 1. 

 

Row 4 is composed of 2 Pareto charts. The left side is for a generic first-pass Pareto analysis (when and what) capturing the nature/root-cause for all failure days.  The right side is a focused Pareto analysis (where and how) reflecting a deeper dive characterization of a specific root-cause on the left side that is being actively pursued. 

 

Row 5 is divided into 2 tables. The first table is a Corrective Action Table that captures the details of immediate interventions taken to correct performance failures, anticipated completion date of the intervention, current status of the intervention and responsible personnel. The second table is a Preventive Action Table that identifies similar information for derived PDCA-based projects being tested to eliminate root causes. 

 

Rows 1-5 are printed on separate A4 paper sheets and mounted in a linear fashion at individual workstations.  Depending on available space, these DM boards take the form of wall mountings with plastic inserts to hold the paper forms or mobile rotating columns with plastic inserts fastened by magnets.

 

 

DM as a Subsystem of a Mature Lean Enterprise


After a decade of practical experience in adapting Lean management to laboratories and other clinical domains in healthcare, we have come to appreciate that Lean is first a management system that structures and incentivizes leaders, managers, and the workforce to align their efforts to continually improve the work systems, services and products for which they are each responsible. We have further come to know that success requires creating effective and aligned new management subsystems that support the philosophy and work of a continuous improvement culture. The main business subsystems that enable this culture of continuous improvement to function at all levels are policy deployment at the  leadership level, DM at the managerial level, nonconformance (deviation) management at the level of the work and the PDCA based continuous improvement system at all levels. DM is the subsystem responsible for aligning people to cultivate a culture of problem solving at the level of the work. 

 

 

Prerequisites for Effective DM and Continuous Improvement

 

For Lean to be successful as the basis of continuous improvement, leaders must create and then support grass roots improvements. This requires that the ground has already been prepared, the grass has been fertilized and the root system will be continually watered and fed. 

 

Success in using a DM approach to continuous improvement with workforce engagement is predicated on the foundation of a preexisting and functional subsystem structure of work groups with respective group leaders (manager), team leaders for quality improvement and work team members. Liker describes this structure at Toyota, and we have described this structure previously for laboratories. (2,3)  The other prerequisites are a trained workforce who understands the goals and rules of continuous improvement and the establishment of a blame-free culture that enables work defects to be consistently identified and analyzed as the basis for daily improvement at the level of the work site. The last element is a dedicated and aligned manager without whom the DM process may die on the vine.


 

The Function of DM

 

The DM subsystem visually holds managers and teams responsible for executing their piece of the strategic plan at the local level by providing structure and discipline for managers and work teams to link work group performance to departmental metrics and organizational objectives. The business systems of advanced and successful Lean corporations like Toyota and Danaher rely on DM to make visible each team’s contribution, success or failure in achieving corporate goals so that adjustments and countermeasure solutions derived from sound problem solving can be addressed sooner and in a locally meaningful way.  

 

One of the most important structures for continuous improvement from the base of the organization is a daily visual management system. For example, the Toyota Floor Management Development System focuses the current performance of the work group relative to expected targets organized by major key performance indicator categories of Safety, Quality, Productivity (delivery, service), Cost and People (human resource development, engagement). (2)  The DM boards of Danaher Corporation’s business entities revolve around Safety, Quality, Delivery, Inventory, and Productivity.  Through our interaction with Danaher, we evolved the DM system of the Henry Ford Production System laboratories to focus process improvements in the categories of Quality, Time (delivery), Inventory (work in-process, batch size, instrument availability), Productivity and Safety. These DM measures are represented by the acronym QTIPS.  

 

What DM Is

 

DM is a powerful visual management subsystem that provides managers and teams with local structure, alignment, focus and accountability for continuous improvements of their group’s product or service. When structured by sequential workstations along the path of workflow, DM serves to make visible defective work design resulting in substandard quality. In this fashion, DM also serves to break down barriers of control and isolation that preclude the achievement of continuous flow that is so vital to Lean success. This is illustrated in the surgical pathology laboratory example of inventory monitoring. Here group examination for root cause determined that specimen batches left over between shifts resulted not from excess work but because practices adopted unknowingly upstream greatly magnified downstream work and batch accumulation.

 

What DM is Not

 

DM is not a display of stable production or operational efficiency numbers or a posting of weekly collected data measures. DM is a daily problem-solving tool for managers and teams to identify daily countermeasures and opportunities to eliminate work problems that miss local area targets through data driven problem solving. Therefore philosophically, DM measures should not be fixed but should change as teams identify opportunities, understand root causes, improve and bring the situation under control to stability. The visual trend of “red” days transitioning to “green” is the simplistic signal to all that strategically aligned goals have been achieved in a stable work system. 

 

DM in Advanced Lean Transformation

 

We believe that DM is a higher order systematized Lean activity that requires the cultural attributes of managerial ownership and blame-free, team-based accountability for continuous improvement in a work system that has already achieved reasonably standardized and stable process flow.  Many are enamored of the highly visible results of DM but it would be a mistake to require the discipline of DM in a chaotic system of work, as this would surely court frustration and failure. Stability can be managed by DM, perpetual crisis cannot. 

 

Liker has described the natural progression of Lean business transformation in 3 phases as Lean evolves from consultant lead application of tools in kaizen events to middle management ownership with Lean thinking and problem solving to enterprise-wide engagement with local ownership of Lean by leaders and all employees. The mature result is an aligned culture of continuous process improvement.  Notably, Lean does not progress beyond consultant lead efforts until middle level managers buy into the culture change and model new behaviors that result in problem solving with their staff. This is why DM is such an effective management approach for the conversion and continued education of middle level managers in securing Lean from top to bottom in the organization. (4)  



DM Standardizes How Managers Manage

 

Of the main subsystems that drive quality from top to bottom in a Lean enterprise, DM is targeted to managers who are directly responsible for work outcomes. In effect, DM, if properly structured, defines the “standard work” of the manager and assists them in succeeding not only as leaders but in achieving corporate and departmental goals that are cascaded to them.  The manager’s role in Lean is to understand the reliability and consistency of their work product or service and to know the variability or lack of control in their processes and then how to right that condition.

DM provides managers with structure for tightly managing areas within their control by assessing performance compared to benchmark goals within a 24-hour framework. Close examination of critical elements of performance allows for better analysis of root cause, implementation of immediate countermeasures to correct the deficit, shared accountability with the workforce and development of team-based PDCA process improvements as corrective and preventive actions whose impact can be assessed and sustained. 

 

We had previously attempted to assist our managers’ abilities to manage by creating managers’ weekly checklists or a manager’s standard work. These were helpful in creating an expectation of uniform discipline but as with any checklist, it can be ignored, periodically skipped, or truncated. This required the use of audits to assure compliance. The flaw in a checklist is that it is not visible and that it requires rework in the form of an audit until the behavior becomes rote.

 

Although each of our laboratory operations had been using regular metrics of performance, those metrics varied in quality of measure related to criticality of operational success, frequency of monitoring and corrective action taken, if any, and assessment of effectiveness. Therefore, we approached the use of DM with some trepidation understanding fully the requisite role of managers to buy into the process for success. That the managers at our main campus core laboratories readily adopted DM after only 1 and ½ days of training, can be attributed to the stability of our Lean culture, then in its 8th year of maturity, the constant push to seek of opportunities for improvement and the functionality of the DM system to effect meaningful change.

 

We have found that DM is a superior system of management in that it provides a daily visible update of an area’s progress toward goals and objectives to all who pass by the board. The state of affairs of a work area is apparent at a glance as to whether the problem is an opportunity for improvement being addressed by a countermeasure and the current stage of problem ownership and resolution.  We have designed our DM system to incorporate documentation of corrective/preventive actions and PDCA problem solving to assist managers in engaging and developing their employees in Lean thinking and ownership of local problems within the day. 

 

 

DM and Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)

 

The vital role of DM in continuous improvement is best grasped by understanding the culture of Toyota. According to Liker, “Toyota believes that improvement cannot be continuous if it is left to a small number of process improvement experts working for senior management. Continuous improvement is possible only if team members across the organization are continually checking their progress relative to goals and taking corrective actions to address problems. Continuous improvement starts at the work group level, where value-added work is done. At Toyota, that is at the level of work teams, where group leaders and team leaders facilitate daily kaizen”. (2)   

 

According to Liker, kaizen is often misunderstood as a special project team using technical approaches to improvement (lean or six sigma) to address a problem or a weeklong kaizen event staffed with select members to “make a burst of changes”. (2)

 

Kaizen, according to Liker, consists of 2 types that require daily activity- maintenance kaizen and improvement kaizen. (2)  Our approach to DM and the boards we have created support both types of daily improvement activities at the level of the work.  

 

Maintenance kaizen is the initial assessment of success or failure in daily adaptations or reactions to unpredictable work variations. These are the metrics of daily work stability of performance that we have categorized on our DM Boards as quality, timeliness, inventory, productivity, and safety.  Immediate and urgent countermeasures (corrective actions) taken to bring the work system back to stability are documented on the board and then followed by a root cause analysis with the intent of preventing recurrence (preventive actions). 

 

We have integrated into our DM Boards the second type of kaizen, the improvement, based on PDCA problem resolution that is intent on preventing the work problem from occurring or testing innovations raising the performance bar. In truth, the improvement kaizen is rarely a daily accomplishment, but the presence of this category on the board maintains the team focus on the ultimate goal of problem elimination through PDCA-based change.


In a Lean culture, the role of leaders is to support daily kaizen. To add energy, to ask questions, to encourage, and to coach without taking over. In this manner, the leader by coaching the team through the improvement process and recognizing that the answers lie with those doing the work, develops the abilities of his people and reinforces the approach to problem solving.  The conversations of effective coaching become easier for leaders who understand the work and we have found that daily rounds at the DM Board are the perfect place for leaders to gain that deeper understanding and to support daily improvement efforts of staff. 

 

 

DM and the Gemba Walk

 

Gemba is a Japanese word that means the real place where value is created, and the work activities are actually done or products are used. In manufacturing that is known as the shop floor. In the laboratory that may be at anywhere along the production line from specimen collection, transport, accession, processing, testing, and report generation and transmittal. In other areas of healthcare, that place may be closer to the patient at the registration desk, the bedside, the clinic, the operating room, etc. To offer another manufacturing analogy, all along these processes in all aspects of healthcare there are handoffs between “customers” and “suppliers” that can be redesigned and continually improved using Lean principles. The idea of Lean design is that the problems in the Gemba are made visible, and therefore the best improvement ideas will come from going to the Gemba to see.

The DM Board provides visible and strategically meaningful opportunities for leaders to build stronger relationships with managers and team members by engaging them where they work in conversations about their work processes, by coaching for deeper Lean thinking and by praising them for work well done.

Consistently high levels of quality depend not only on defect-free tangibles related to product or service but probably even more importantly on the invisible intangibles involved in local problem solving and decision making. Here is where DM excels as an opportunity for leaders and managers to educate the workforce to see and clarify issues, identify those that need to be addressed by an immediate countermeasure and those that must be resolved and eradicated using systematic, data-driven PDCA problem solving.

 

Gemba Walks are an opportunity for those leading a Lean enterprise to go and see to observe in order to become better leaders by promoting managerial accountability and employee engagement in the continuous process of improvement in the lean culture. The fine distinction in this walk is that it is not the leader’s job to fix the problem. Walking the Gemba is part of the leader’s participation in the “Check” aspect of Plan‐Do‐Check‐Act (PDCA). On the Gemba walk, the problem review is prompted by the leader with involvement of the manager and the team. In this process the leader can assess how well the teams can see, analyze and clear issues using root cause analysis and testing countermeasures to solve problems based on data. The weaknesses identified in this dialog are the leader’s opportunity to now teach. Leaders should consider the Gemba walk the physical and mental exam to check on the health of the management system and a human development opportunity.

DM serves as the data driven conversation for leaders on their regular Gemba walks to develop people and reinforce Lean thinking and behaviors for continuous improvement with simple questions like “What happened here? What are you doing about it now? What more do you need to know about it? How do you propose to eliminate that root cause?”

 

According to Liker, “The more clear it is in the workplace what the standards are (reflecting what should be) the more easily the manager can see the gaps and have productive discussions with people in the process. If there is a chart it should be clear if the process is in control (green) or out of control (red). It should be clear where inputs used should be, how much should be there, and when they should be arriving. It should be clear (without flipping through many computer screens) what the technical worker should be working on versus what they are working on. This is called a "visual workplace" and the more it is clear visually what should be happening versus what is happening the more productive the Gemba walks will be.” (5)     

 

Challenges

 

As with any new behavior, there was an adaptation phase to DM as managers and employees became comfortable with a daily exposure of their work system failures. This required the blame-free Lean culture to be functional in every section so that challenging metrics (failing measures) could be chosen as a visual focus for the work team to direct improvement efforts. Strong managers who engaged their employees and were adept in team-based approaches to improvement adapted to DM as an immediate problem-solving tool quicker than those who preferred the comfort of offering mostly “green day” metrics. These strong managers were more likely to select new metrics throughout the year as former problems were resolved. Most adopted a rule that 3 months of all “green” days signaled problem resolution and stability so that the metric could be retired. Laboratories that performed their work in a serial structure of work stations connected along the path of work flow and could co-locate their DM metric boards could more readily work together in a true customer-supplier fashion, as illustrated for Surgical Pathology, to make improvements that spanned across the value stream and had great impact on the downstream work result.

 

Let us address the perception that a process of daily rounding may be time intensive. If left to an unstructured process, that may be the case. The approach to DM that we describe provides a structure and process to daily round or huddle at the DM board that is overseen by the manager/supervisor and engages those with delegated authority for daily analysis and presentation of select metrics.  Several expectations contribute to brevity. First, a successful metric (a green day) is not discussed, just noted. Second, the meeting is conducted standing up as a rapid visual team review in front of the DM board with a goal of quickly documenting and assessing failures in key processes within the previous 24-hour interval. These DM process requirements maintain a focus on rapid meeting closure. Our experience is that the average DM meeting time expended is 2-10 minutes per day per DM board. Time variation is attributed by unstable and failed processes that may require further sharing of information or questions that arise at the DM board with initial conversations about next steps or subsequent root cause analysis or interventions to be tested. Additionally, senior leaders who incorporate the DM board meetings into their Gemba walks may prolong the regular daily huddle with additional conversations with the staff. 

 

In conclusion, we have found that DM is the key accountability subsystem for managers to continually improve their operations in a structured and visible manner. Strategy and policy can only go so far without quality delivered every day at the level of the work. As Henry Ford said in 1918, “Quality is what counts, and nothing but quality”. (6)  We have found DM to be an essential means of delivering on our organization’s quest to achieve ever higher levels of quality. 

 

 

References

 

Zarbo RJ, Varney RC, Copeland R et al. Daily Management System of the Henry Ford Production System. QTIPS to Focus Continuous Improvements at the Level of the Work. Am J Clin Pathol 2015;144:122-136. DOI: 10.1309/AJCPLQYMOFWU31C


(2) Liker JK, Convis GL:  The Toyota Way to Lean Leadership. Achieving and Sustaining Excellence Through Leadership Development.  New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.

 

(3) Zarbo RJ. Creating and sustaining a lean culture of continuous process improvement. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;138:321-326

 

(4) Liker JK, Franz JK. The Toyota Way to Continuous Improvement: Linking Strategy and Operational Excellence to Achieve Superior Performance. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.

 

(5) Liker JK. Personal communication, 2011.

 

(6) Albion MW. The Quotable Henry Ford.  Gainesville: University Press of Florida; 2013, pp. 21, 24.

 

Wednesday's Words of Quality, Lesson #11: Deviation Management

 Wednesday's Words of Quality, 

Lesson #11: Deviation Management 

Richard Zarbo, MD  © 2022 Wednesday’s Words of Quality


Lesson #11 of 13



In our Lean business system, we have created numerous quality management subsystems and structures to support managers and supervisors in understanding the outcomes of their work and driving continuous improvements from the level of the work with their engaged and empowered team members. Lean parlance the word Gemba refers to the actual workplace where value is created. Our approach to Gemba level PDCA-based problem solving and continuous improvement at the level of the work with reliance on management subsystems that support that goal is illustrated below (1).



In 2013, our adaptation of a structured Daily Management system allowed us to focus on deviations or nonconformances that were assessed by management to represent the critical few processes required for daily success at each work place (2). However, we recognized that there existed, yet many deviations experienced by our workforce and our customers that we failed to consistently identify and target for improvement. The apt analogy of flying a plane blind without instruments in zero visibility comes to mind. It was broader and deeper knowledge of these undocumented opportunities that we sought next. 

 

Our continuous improvement culture took a leap forward when we pursued and achieved ISO 15189 accreditation in 2013 as the largest integrated system of medical laboratories in the United States. The primary driver for us to create a standardized health system-wide deviation management system was the ISO 15189 requirement for a robust system to track nonconformances or deviations in the work and the customer experience. 


Our next intent in developing a Deviation Management system was to provide structure to empower all employees to own the responsibility of more comprehensively recording workplace defects that they encountered, contributing to real-time corrective action and root cause analysis and to subsequently working through our accountable Lean culture to eliminate prioritized deviations with PDCA problem solving and process change. 

 

The fuel that now drives our engine of risk reduction and continuous improvement is derived from Deviation Management- knowledge of what we receive from “suppliers” and what we deliver to “customers” that does not conform to expectations. This manager-owned system with participation of all employees is designed to move beyond sporadically used whiteboards to capture in real-time a standardized taxonomy of defects and variations from expected work practices as experienced by all involved. 


Our Deviation Management system is described in detail here (3).

 

Most work systems are fraught with process inefficiencies and wastes that dominate the total time of human effort compared to the actual fraction of time involved in creating value. The fact that even well intentioned business systems are not “Lean” was well articulated 92 years ago by Henry Ford who recognized in his own operations renowned for efficiency that: “We still waste more than we use. We waste men, we waste materials, we waste everything, and consequently we have to work too hard and too long to accomplish what in the end amounts to very little. But at least we are learning that we can not get anywhere without the kind of management which extends from the smallest detail to the whole purpose of what you are about.” (4).

 

This is especially true in the business of healthcare where process defects may readily escalate to medical errors that currently account for the number 3 cause of death in the United States (5).  The Joint Commission recognizes the culture of Lean as a component of “robust process improvement” that should be pursued for healthcare to be effective in achieving high reliability exhibited by consistent excellence in quality and safety (6). It is our sincere desire that our shared experiences here will serve others to drive continuous improvement through culture change, Deming-style philosophy of management, workforce education and new business management systems that support this transformation. In our view, these elements are essential to pursue a new condition where healthcare is highly reliable. 

 

In our pursuit of high reliability, we have focused on creating a Lean laboratory enterprise whose consistency of execution is guided by quality management systems and structures. These management systems are designed to deepen the effectiveness of our continuous improvement culture by promoting managers’ understanding of the variation in the work they are charged with overseeing and fostering effective engagement of their employees in process improvement. This has resulted in gains in standardization of processes, work flow efficieincy and mitigation of risk for our employees and customers. This new focus on managers having good knowledge of the quality of their work product in turn promotes consistent execution and higher levels of performance. 

 

In any work system of management that requires continuous improvement, how does one know what to tackle next and specifically how to make effective change to eliminate problems? 

 



Early in a Lean transformation many implement workplace whiteboards to capture knowledge of deviations. Our experience with this approach was less than optimal over the years. Although whiteboards were an opportunity for the workforce to document variation and waste, the unstructured format commonly led to inconsistency of defect capture and spotty employee participation. Whiteboards often degraded to “whining” boards. Our intent in creating the Deviation Management subsystem was to provide our employees with a tool to foster real-time defect capture with structured deeper knowledge related to the deviation (case, source, type, and person). We integrated into this process the opportunity to begin the root cause analysis and documentation of the corrective action taken. Ultimately, we have promoted local ownership for documentation and follow-through, pushing solutions down in our organization to the Gemba level where expertise lies.

 

A Deviation Management subsystem that provides managers with enhanced surveillance of the many nonconformances, as they are detected daily, becomes a much more powerful system to continually fill the diagnostic funnel of knowledge. We have been influenced by Dr. Deming’s cautions that “It is not enough to do your best; you must know what to do, and then do your best” and that “Information is not knowledge. Let’s not confuse the two.”  By employing Deviation Management as a standardized and integrated subsystem across the Laboratory Product Line, we have fostered actionable knowledge from structured examination of workplace defects. That structure provides for commonality of cause and resolution in all hospitals, core laboratories and clinic laboratories as well as outreach sites.  In contrast to the free-form whiteboard approach, the power of this subsystem design structures behaviors to identify quality defects at the source with root causes and interventions accomplished temporally closer to the actual event. By operating in this fashion, we have set the daily expectation of work improvement by empowering all managers and employees in efforts to reduce defects, inefficiencies and variation in processes as an additional requirement of their work. The expectation is that the workforce does the work and improves the work, continually. In essence, we have created the foundation of knowledge to enable continuous improvement. Our experience with Deviation Management has become our cultural foundation to establish Deming’s call for profound knowledge for leaders to impact change and improvement.

 

Much of the variation represented in the nonconformances that we have identified using the Deviation Management subsystem can be traced back to a human action or lack of action. This calls for innovative approaches to make human behaviors and actions more reliable, often in a highly visual and accountable work environment. This knowledge and opportunities for work improvement from analysis of nonconformities identified in Deviation Management becomes the standard work of the manager in order to effect consistency and reliability in the work that they are charged with overseeing. In this new culture, armed with knowledge of work quality, or lack thereof,  the managers’ defining raison detre and success becomes prominently apparent and often visual to the entire work team. We have derived 3 modes of functionality from Deviation Management that assist managers- surveillance for defect detection, monitoring for assessment of control of nonconformities and effectiveness in their elimination, and employee engagement in detection and process improvement.

 

Another key quality management subsystem focused on correcting the few prioritized deviations within the day is Daily Management, that we have described in detail (2). This is another aspect of the managers’ standard work that provides a structured system to prioritize the critical few defects that require repair now and should not be repeated. Daily Management allows for deeper dives with employees to focus on a few important defect types on a 24-hour basis. This focus results in further understanding of the problem beyond implementation of daily countermeasures to root cause determination and visual tracking and trending as the problem is solved and eliminated through process change interventions. Deviation Management and Daily Management are 2 key quality management subsystems that engage all employees in structured Lean PDCA problem solving at the level of the work (Gemba), as illustrated here. 




Using our focus on the Laboratories as a product line or system, we can identify nonconformances of common root cause for system-wide solution testing. We do this by instituting the discipline of quarterly managerial review and presentation of summarized nonconformities identified in each of our hospitals to the higher management level of the monthly Quality Management System meeting. The lesson for managers of the Laboratory Product line is that they are not alone, and it is not unreasonable that if a vexing nonconformance occurs in one hospital, then it likely occurs in others. In this manner, we achieve global thinking and systemic process improvements. 

 

As we see it, the quality management systems that we have developed provide a framework of processes and procedures structured to ensure that people do the right and expected thing in performing tasks consistently and in continually seeking improvement. This pertains not only to our own laboratory personnel but to our clinicians, nurses, medical assistants, phlebotomists and other clinical “customers”. Because nearly 3/4 of the more than 70,000 annual documented deviations handed to the laboratory by these individuals as specimen ordering and process defects, they are rightfully considered the main “suppliers” to the laboratory. Shown below are the total number and percent distribution of documented deviations by lab testing phase we encountered from 2013 to 2016. In 2016, only 10 deviation types accounted for 78% of the total 71,641 deviations documented. Deviation management provided managers with knowledge enabling them to prioritize improvement activities for maximal impact. 


 

Total Deviations

Pre- Analytic

Analytic

Post- Analytic

2013

11,872

84.0%

8.0%

8.0%

2014

27,343

93.0%

3.4%

3.6%

2015

52,971

91.0%

5.0%

4.0%

2016

71,641

74.8%

23.6%

1.6%

 

 

Just as in manufacturing where a poor-quality part supplied for assembly can have a costly downstream impact, our version of supplied defects must be addressed at the source. Therefore, we seek to change human behavior to consistently achieve superior results by continually seeking improvement both in the work we do and the work that our clinical colleagues do in the form of requests for testing and collected human specimens provided to the laboratory. These are the 2 largest categories of pre-analytic defects, test ordering and specimen collection, and therefore present the greatest opportunities for improvement. Knowledge from Deviation Management is helpful in providing data when change in the form of supplier standardization is required to improve quality at the source as well.

 

In this digital age it is tempting to push “electronic solutions” for data capture. In fact, as we matured in use of the Deviation Management system, we integrated electronic data related to specimen adequacy from automated analyzers. However, there remain advantages to paper-based data collection. This includes a cost avoidance associated with providing many computer terminals for individual employees across a large system of laboratories and the avoidance of continual developmental costs to improve and upgrade software and changes in taxonomies. We have been able to achieve these changes and improvements using paper and Excel spreadsheets over the years. Our approach also avoids the need for bench employees to get up to access a computer terminal to enter data thereby promoting participation at the level of work, anywhere a defect is encountered, to avoid increased documentation time and human motion. One of the simplest yet effective aspects of the paper-based system that promotes employee participation with easier input and speeds the selection of defect type is the empowerment of local teams to customize their paper input form. Many work cells have now created a custom layout with a simplified taxonomy list to include only commonly encountered issues.  This has fostered local ownership for work quality and improvement.

 

The aphorism ‘systems don’t produce quality, people do” is very applicable to the success of a Deviation Management subsystem like this designed for comprehensive capture of workplace wastes and inefficiencies. If employees do not participate in defect identification and documentation, then the human “sensors” at the level of the work are effectively silent. This is the equivalent to unplugging the fuel level gauge in an automobile yet expecting to know when to intervene and refill the tank before becoming stranded. Our intensive 51 face to face 1-hour sessions in 2016 of employee training in use of subsystems and tools of improvement which included Deviation Management, promoted engagement of our human “sensors”.  The success of simplified education focused on key elements of expected human engagement and accountability in improving the work itself is demonstrated in the 35% increase in deviations documented in 2016 after this intensive annual education. This can be seen in the table above. 

 

At its core, Lean and the management subsystems that support the expected outcome of continuous improvement and employee engagement require continuous education and human development. Systems are not enough. In the words of Dr. Deming from his last 2 management principles #13 and #14, “Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. The transformation is everybody’s job.” (7) 

 

In summary, we have shown Deviation Management to be a key business system providing managerial understanding of the process variation and quality of the work they are charged with overseeing.  This is now managers’ standard work whereby knowledge of nonconformities assists in directing corrective actions, improvements and process changes with engaged employees by sharpening their focus on continuous improvements that promote consistent execution and higher levels of performance. 

 

We strongly believe that for healthcare to become highly reliable, a culture change is required. One key aspect of success in this transformation is to drive consistency in the managers’ standard work with structure that functions like this Deviation Management system. 


Using this approach in conjunction with a Deming-style philosophy of management, will foster continuous improvement toward the goal of consistently high quality. 


The Deviation Management structure provides for managerial consistency through real-time understanding of the process variation, identification of opportunities and tests for meaningful process change with participation of  their engaged employees that ultimately results in ever higher levels of performance.

 

 

References

(1) Zarbo RJ. Management systems to structure continuous quality improvement. Am J Clin Pathol 2022;157:159-170. DOI: 10.1093/AJCP/AQAB109

 

(2) Zarbo RJ, Varney RC, Copeland JR, D’Angelo R, Sharma G: Daily management system of the Henry Ford Production System: QTIPS to focus continuous improvements at the level of the work. Am J Clin Pathol 144:1-15, 2015.

 

(3) Zarbo RJ, Copeland JR, Varney RC: Deviation Management: Key management subsystem driver of knowledge-based continuous improvement in the Henry Ford Production System. Am J Clin Pathol 2017;148:354-367, DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx084

 

(4) Ford H. How Henry Ford Manages. The Literary Digest, January 16, 1926, pp. 21-22.

 

(5) Makary, MA, Daniel M:  Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 2016;353:i2139.

 

(6) Chassin MR and Loeb JM. High-Reliability Health Care: Getting There From Here. The Milbank Quarterly 2013;Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 459–490.  

 

(7) Deming WE.  Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. 1986, pg 24.

 

 

Next WWQ: Lesson #12 – Daily Management

Tuesday, May 3, 2022

Wednesday's Words of Quality, Lesson #10: PDCA Problem Solving

 Wednesday's Words of Quality, 

Lesson #10: PDCA Problem Solving 

Richard Zarbo, MD  © 2022 Wednesday’s Words of Quality


Lesson #10 of 13


"Your success will be affected by the quality and quantity of new ideas you suggest."

                                                                            -Brian Tracy 

 

PDCA

 

In our continuous improvement culture, Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) is a core process for problem resolution of individual work defects and systematic deficiencies. You will recall that our continuous process improvement adheres to specific work rules as defined by Steven Spear in "Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System."

 

Making improvements relies upon subjecting proposed changes to the discipline of measurement, data collection, analysis and then reassessment for effectiveness via data collection again. From using deviation management and daily management we can get a sense of the ‘pulse of the machine’ in near real-time, from the employees who are closer to the point of receiving or producing work defects. In our system, everyone is empowered through a defined process improvement routine to work toward effective resolutions in concert with their team leader or ‘teacher’.  This team based, worker-empowered approach to continuous problem resolution has been described as the 4th "Rule in Use" of the Toyota Production System by Steven Spear and clarified as the ‘Improvement Kata’ by Mike Rother. 

 

The Improvement Kata, founded in Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA), deals with scientific experimentation, discovery and learning in the workplace. At its core, this approach to problem solving relies on the development of people so that insight into root causes and proposed interventions and process repair arises closest to the level of the actual work and those who do it. With employees engaged and accountable for solving their own work problems, this is how the culture changes for the workforce from one of hiding and blaming to one of openness and learning.





This reliance on measurement and data is at the heart of the PDCA or Deming cycle and has been referred to as the scientific approach to quality improvement. We approach this as a culture of aligned and self-directed work teams and leaders in the Henry Ford Production System resulting in thousands of documented improvements over the years.

 

The Hypothesis

 

Scientific advances require the generation of a hypothesis about what could be and an experiment to potentially disprove that hypothesis based on experimental data. This is not unlike suggestions generated to make changes that are hypothesized to improve processes.  We test them for positive effect and then agree to adopt the change or not. The more numerous and more frequently we can turn around these tests of proposed changes, the more rapidly we can improve current conditions.

 

To base changes, especially thousands of them, on fiat or the voice of the loudest, the first or the oldest amongst us would be folly. The scientific basis of change requires us to propose a hypothesis statement or best guess that may or may not be true. "If we change this, then this will happen." This statement of proposed change is then to be tested. Therefore the test plan requires a mini-experiment and requires us to take the time to propose and agree on measures and data collection that would properly assess the change reflected in the hypothesis statement.

 

For instance, our hypothesis statement might be as simple as- if we move and store the routine supplies for our job closer to the place where we conduct the work, we will shave off the time of wasted human motion by 20% over one shift. Ergo, we will open capacity for increased productivity and throughput. Now we must sit down as a team and devise how to measure our wasted human motion on that task and the other variable parameters so that we can compare the precondition baseline of motion associated with getting supplies and the post-change condition of motion in that same job.

 

Science is an open-ended system in that each hypothesis answered generates more questions that require an explanation. Thus, there is a cycle of questions, answers, and more questions advancing knowledge.  This mirrors the PDCA cycle.

 

To translate to our world of work, in our endeavor of striving for more efficient work processes, we continually ask what else can be done and tested to push us toward a target goal or a more perfect way of doing things. 

 

The Ideal Condition

 

Often, that more perfect way of working is characterized by handling work such that it can be completed 'on demand', defect-free, one piece at a time (with minimal if any batching), with no waste (remember there are 7 forms of waste), immediately (timely for your customer/patient), and safely with respect for people (emotionally, physically, professionally). These attributes describe a so-called ideal condition in a lean production system espoused by Toyota.

 

 

The Process of Process Improvement 


The simplified process that we follow in the Henry Ford Production System to effect continuous improvement looks like this:





The process of fixing the identified defect may take the form of:

 

1. A rapid, often daily resolution (just fix it in place when found)

 

This may be elevated to a more involved process with-

 

2. A PDCA based data-driven (A3) resolution with root cause analysis that requires further study about the nature of the defect (e.g., frequency, type, associations, root cause, etc) 

 

This may require team members to represent their team in Customer-Supplier meeting between work stations to better define work requirements and understand root causes and how work can be redesigned for a better outcome

 

In our Henry Ford Production System Lean culture the second more involved resolution process calls for creating a PDCA storyboard of the defect and the proposed countermeasures on a large A3 size piece of paper. This is known from Toyota as an A3 resolution and requires teams to think through the problem more slowly, to go and see, to analyze for root cause in order to understand the problem better. Only then can proposed interventions or changes be entertained and tested as pilots and the effect measured against a baseline. This type of change requires data, before and after, that define aspects of the condition that need improvement.  

 

The defined aspects of an A3 that we have adapted in the Henry Ford Production System are shown below. The left side describes the PLAN aspects of the current state problem, analysis with data, the target condition and the proposed solution while the right side defines actions of the proposed solution and the measured outcome (DO- CHECK and ACT). Our understanding of the ACT aspect of PDCA emphasizes standardization of the new work activities to sustain the improvement. 





This approach above leverages PDCA thinking repeatedly by incrementally moving toward successive targets of improvement through a process of testing many proposed interventions at the level of the work. This now is the basis or routine of problem solving in a continuous improvement culture as proposed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming in the 1950s who in turn borrowed the PDCA concept from Dr. Walter Shewhart, who originated it in the 1930s. As you can see, there is "nothing new under the sun." Just better approaches to execution as described in the many academic texts elaborating on Toyota's production system.

 

The typical questions you would ask yourself and share as a team to derive a plan in PDCA based change are described below.





Now, I’m asking you to borrow all of these concepts and truly integrate them into your own process of problem solving with your teams. Here, practice makes perfect, as this is not a natural means of problem solving and not rapid initially by any stretch when leveraging a team and root cause analyses. But you will get faster with time.

 

Just some thoughts as we tackle the challenges of 2022 together, one piece at a time.

 

So, blind us with science this year!

 

 

References:

1. Liker J. The Toyota Way. 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.


2. Ohno T. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Portland, OR: Productivity Press; 1988 


3. Rother M. Toyota Kata. Managing People for Improvement, Adaptiveness and Superior Results. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

4. Spear SJ, Bowen HK. Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System. Harvard Bus Rev. September 1, 1999:96-106


Next WWQ: Lesson #11 – Deviation Management


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